本文最后更新于 2024-12-06，文章内容可能已经过时。

当您在 Debian 系统中遇到 sudo: 未找到命令 的错误信息时，这通常意味着您的系统尚未安装 sudo 包，或者尽管已安装但 $PATH 环境变量没有正确配置以包含 sudo 可执行文件的位置。此外，也有可能是因为用户不在 sudo 组内或 /etc/sudoers 文件配置不正确所致。

安装 sudo 包

如果 sudo 没有安装，那么最直接的解决方案就是安装它。因为此时您无法使用 sudo 来提升权限，所以需要以 root 用户身份登录来完成安装。如果您知道 root 密码，可以通过以下步骤进行操作：

  1. 切换到 root 用户：

    su -

    输入 root 密码后，您将获得超级用户的 shell 提示符。

  2. 装 sudo 包：

    使用 apt-get 工具来安装 sudo 包。

    root@debian:~# apt-get install sudo
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree... Done
Reading state information... Done
The following NEW packages will be installed:
  sudo
0 upgraded, 1 newly installed, 0 to remove and 43 not upgraded.
Need to get 1889 kB of archives.
After this operation, 6199 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm/main amd64 sudo amd64 1.9.13p3-1+deb12u1 [1889 kB]
Fetched 1889 kB in 0s (6424 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package sudo.
(Reading database ... 30051 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../sudo_1.9.13p3-1+deb12u1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking sudo (1.9.13p3-1+deb12u1) ...
Setting up sudo (1.9.13p3-1+deb12u1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.11.2-2) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.36-9+deb12u8) ...
root@debian:~#

  3. 添加用户到 sudo 组：

    安装完成后，您应该将需要使用 sudo 的用户添加到 sudo 组中。例如，要为名为 debian 的用户添加权限，可以运行：

    usermod -aG sudo debian

  4. 验证安装：

    切换回普通用户账户并尝试使用 sudo 村命令验证是否安装成功，比如更新软件包列表：

    root@debian:~# sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm InRelease
Hit:2 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian-security bookworm-security InRelease
Hit:3 http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm-updates InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
W: Target Packages (main/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (main/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (contrib/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (contrib/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free-firmware/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free-firmware/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Skipping acquire of configured file 'multiverse/binary-amd64/Packages' as repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm InRelease' doesn't have the component 'multiverse' (component misspelt in sources.list?)
W: Skipping acquire of configured file 'multiverse/i18n/Translation-en' as repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm InRelease' doesn't have the component 'multiverse' (component misspelt in sources.list?)
W: Skipping acquire of configured file 'multiverse/i18n/Translation-zh' as repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm InRelease' doesn't have the component 'multiverse' (component misspelt in sources.list?)
W: Skipping acquire of configured file 'multiverse/i18n/Translation-zh_CN' as repository 'http://mirrors.aliyun.com/debian bookworm InRelease' doesn't have the component 'multiverse' (component misspelt in sources.list?)
W: Target Packages (main/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (main/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (main/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (contrib/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (contrib/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (contrib/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free-firmware/binary-amd64/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Packages (non-free-firmware/binary-all/Packages) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-en) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-zh) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
W: Target Translations (non-free-firmware/i18n/Translation-zh_CN) is configured multiple times in /etc/apt/sources.list:1 and /etc/apt/sources.list:9
root@debian:~#

    至此，sudo命令已可正常使用!